The second brother, Thomas, left Sudbury in 1656, when he joined a group that settled the town of Marlboro, MA. Early on, the descendants of Thomas showed the tendency to move into new territories in keeping with the general westward and northward movement from Massachusetts. The first to depart was Samuel, of the fourth generation, who left in 1755 and settled in New Jersey. Other brothers migrated to Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire and New York. Many descendants in these lines changed the spelling of the name to Goodenough.
As the families from both brothers pushed westward, over the Erie Canal, down the Ohio River and across the prairies, they left behind an interesting record. Goodnow Mountain and Goodnow River in the Adirondacks, the town of Goodenow in Illinois, Goodnow Hills in Washington state, and many other sites, stand as mute evidence of the advance of the family. They were early pioneers in many areas: one founded Maquoketa, IA; another founded Manhattan, KS, as well as the State University there; a dozen were '49ers in California; and some were the earliest settlers in Oregon.

Will:

||||Douglas Richardson, English Origins of the Goodenow
Family, Transcript of Thomas Goodynow's
nuncupative will: [:BOLD]
That upon the twentieth day of December in the years of or lord
god 1617 according to the computacon of the Church of England
Thomas Goodynow of Donhed St. Andrew in the County of Wilts,
and Diocese of Sarum being sick in body but of sound and
perfect memory did by word of mouth declare his last will
noncupative as followeth, vizt, Imprimis he did give and
bequeath unto his three youngest children to witt Dorothy
Edmund and Ursula to each of them x Lb a peece to bee paid unto
them at the age of twenty years Item he gave and bequeathed
unto his sonne Simon two sheep Item hee gave unto his sonnes
Nathaniell and Thomas to each of them one heifer bullock a
peece to bee delivered unto them Item he gave and bequeathed
unto his sons Ralph and John to each of them one heifer bullock
and two sheep a peece to bee delivered unto them at the
purification of or blessed lady the Virgin Mary next come two
yeares, The residue of his goods not given nor bequeathed hee
gave unto Ursula his wife whom hee made his whole and sole
executrix and appointed Joseph Bower and Robert Button his
overseers to see this his will perfourmed witnesses to the ...
John Button minister Ralph Goodynow. Proved the 19th day of
March 1617/18. "Inventory of the Estate of Thomas Goodynow 1617
(1618) Imprimus 20 kinder (young) beasts at Item five horse
beasts at Itm the cart and plow tacking Itm the sheep
at Itm three piggs at Itm the corne in the barn
Itm the hay and (the fodder) Itm the xede (seed)
Itm the corne growing upon the ground Itm the wood
Itm goods at Ebestsborne Itm butter and cheese
Itm the bacon Itm the pewter and brass Itm the tinker
(?) vessel Itm the iron stuffe (stove) Itm the bedding and
implements that belong Itm two table bords and two there
unto _____ one chest one cubbard (cupboard) and three stools
Itm his wearing apparel Itm all the tools of husbandry Itm
knives forks and spoons Itm the poultry Total
125-10-4
Thomas was a husbandman.